Licia Laurino

INTRODUCTION: Due to its rarity, anal adenocarcinoma (AA) does not have a standardized staging system. The tumor (T) stage of an adenocarcinoma arising from the anal canal could be based on depth of invasion, as for rectal adenocarcinoma, or on size, as in anal squamous cell carcinoma…

BACKGROUND Stage II colorectal cancer should undergo adjuvant therapy only in the presence of risk factors and vascular, lymphatic, and perineural invasion (VELIPI) are risk factors for recurrence after surgery…

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant therapy after rectal cancer surgery is indicated in T4N0 or any T and nodal metastasis and/or risk factors for recurrences…