WEIGHT LOSS OUTCOMES WITH SEMAGLUTIDE BASED ON DIABETES STATUS AND SEVERITY USING THE INDIVIDUALIZED METABOLIC SURGERY SCORE

Background: Transoral outlet reduction endoscopy (TORe) has been shown to be effective in managing weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), as has the glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, liraglutide. However, the effect of adjunctive liraglutide after TORe has yet to be assessed. Herein, we evaluate the efficacy of liraglutide treatment when initiated immediately post-TORe or one year post-TORe using a crossover study design.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of prospectively collected data from a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Participants underwent TORe at three outpatient clinics in São Paulo, Brazil, between December 2018 and December 2022. Two participant cohorts were established. Participants in the placebo-first cohort, “group A,” underwent the TORe procedure and received subcutaneous saline solution. Those in the liraglutide-first cohort, “group B,” initiated subcutaneous liraglutide immediately after the revisional TORe procedure. The average liraglutide dose was 1.8 mg. Participants were dosed weekly for 12 months, at which point crossover occurred. Each participant received placebo and liraglutide for equal duration over the 24-month treatment phase. All participants had their diet and exercise regimens prescribed by the same multidisciplinary team. TORe technique and post-procedure follow-up were identical at all sites. Primary outcomes were percent total body weight loss (%TBWL) 12 and 24 months after treatment initiation. The secondary outcome was change in hepatic steatosis using the Brunt score.

Results: This study included 58 participants in group A and 51 participants in group B. There was no significant difference in mean baseline BMI. Participants in group A had significantly lower %TBWL than those in group B at 6, 9, and 12 months (p<0.001 at each timepoint). After crossover, no significant difference in %TBWL was observed between groups at 15 and 18 months. Group B continued to show greater %TBWL than group A at 21 and 24 months, despite previously discontinuing liraglutide (p<0.001 for both timepoints). Those in group A, who received placebo first, had significantly higher steatosis scores at 12 months compared with those in group B (p<0.05). This between-group difference in steatosis score was eliminated by 24 months.

Conclusions: Immediate post-procedure administration of liraglutide may be superior to placebo in reversing weight regain and in improving hepatic steatosis for patients undergoing revisional TORe. Our study is the first to demonstrate that the timing of post-TORe liraglutide initiation may improve therapeutic benefit of the procedure. Further inquiry is necessary to elucidate the physiologic basis of this observed effect.

Introduction: Obesity is a chronic disease associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, demonstrated substantial obesity and diabetes improvement in randomized clinical trials and real-world settings. The weight loss outcome with semaglutide in patients with diabetes is inferior to patients without diabetes. The individualized metabolic severity score (IMS) classifies patients with T2DM by diabetes severity. It considers number of T2DM medications, use of insulin, duration (years) and control of T2DM (HbA1c), to predict T2DM remission after bariatric surgery. Little is known about the T2DM factors affecting the weight loss outcomes with semaglutide. We aim to use the IMS score to evaluate the effect of semaglutide on weight loss outcomes in patients with obesity and T2DM.
Methods: This is a multi-site retrospective study of patients with T2DM and overweight/obesity (body-mass index [BMI]≥ 27 kg/m²) taking semaglutide for weight loss. We excluded patients with a history of bariatric surgery, taking multiple AOMs, or those with active malignancy or pregnancy. We collected demographic data, weight loss outcomes at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, and IMS parameters to calculate the IMS score. The primary end point was determining total body weight loss percentage (TBWL%) based on IMS severity (mild, moderate, severe) at semaglutide start date. Our secondary outcomes included comparing weight loss in patients with and without insulin intake and with and without microvascular complications (i.e., retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy); and change in fasting glucose and HbA1c between semaglutide start date and 1 year follow-up. The primary end point was analyzed using ANOVA. Categorical data were analyzed using the Bowker’s test and continuous data using matched pair t-test. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD).
Results: We included 78 patients (64% female, age (SD) 53 (13) years, BMI 42 (9) kg/m²) in the analysis (Table 1). In our cohort, 17% of patients had mild, 46% had moderate, and 31% had severe IMS score. Patients with moderate and severe IMS scores had lower TBWL% compared to mild score at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months (p<0.001 at all time periods) (Figure 1A). Patients with insulin use and patients with microvascular complications had lower TBWL% compared to patients without insulin use (Figure 1B) or microvascular complications, respectively (Figure 1C). HbA1c and fasting glucose significantly improved by 1.1 (n= 54; p<0.001) and 44 mg/dL (n=41; p=0.001), respectively.
Conclusion: In our study, patients with moderate and severe IMS scores had inferior weight loss outcomes compared to those with mild score when treated with semaglutide for weight loss. Early treatment of patients with T2DM may be crucial to achieve adequate weight loss and improvement in glucose hemostasis.