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Discerning whether laryngeal symptoms are related to reflux (laryngopharyngeal reflux; LPR) is a challenge. Consequently, patients see numerous specialists, undergo multiple diagnostic tests and empirically trial proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), often with inconsistent response…
BACKGROUND: Prevention of postoperative recurrence (POR) in Crohn’s disease (CD) after ileo-colonic (IC) resection is still a highly debated topic. Prophylactic immunosuppression after surgery is currently recommended in presence of at least one clinical risk factor (RF)…
Dysphagia and chest pain are the common symptoms in achalasia. The mechanisms underlying such symptoms are not completely understood. The two symptoms can be triggered by mechanical stimulation via the sensory vagal and spinal afferent nerve fibers…