Society: ASGE

Introduction
Malignant colorectal polyps are defined as lesions that invade into the submucosa and represent early colorectal cancer (T1 by the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors system). Management of these lesions depends on the depth of invasion which can be estimated endoscopically using various classification methods that assess lesion morphology and surface features. Superficially invasive lesions are generally amenable to endoscopic resection techniques whereas deeply invasive lesions are typically managed with surgical resection given the high risk of invasion beyond the submucosa. Here, we describe successful endoscopic resection of a deeply invasive colon lesion in a non-surgical candidate using hybrid endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) with the full-thickness resection device (FTRD).

Case
A 71-year-old male with a history of chronic kidney disease stage IV, type II diabetes mellitus, peripheral arterial disease and below-the-knee amputation, and recently diagnosed pulmonary embolism was found to have a colon mass on imaging after presenting with acute on chronic anemia. Colonoscopy revealed a 30 mm polypoid lesion (Paris classification 0-Is) in the hepatic flexure with features concerning for submucosal invasion (NICE classification Type III), including superficial ulceration and oozing with minimal contact (Figure 1A). After multidisciplinary discussion, the patient was felt to be a poor surgical candidate and thus endoscopic resection using endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was pursued in case the invasion of the cancer was limited to superficial submucosa.

Procedure
A circumferential incision surrounding the lesion was made and endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed (Figure 1B). During dissection, invasion into the muscularis propria was visualized (Figure 1C) and thus the decision was made to use the full-thickness resection device (FTRD) to complete the resection.

The grasping forceps were used to pull the lesion into the device cap and the clip was deployed. Given the presence of submucosal invasion, gentle intermittent suction was applied to ensure complete entrapment of the lesion into the FTRD cap. The snare was closed and the lesion was resected using electrocautery (Figure 1D). The final pathology report revealed T2 invasive adenocarcinoma (Figure 2) with negative resection margins (R0).

Conclusions
While deeply invasive colon lesions are traditionally removed surgically, endoscopic resection using hybrid ESD-EFTR may offer an alternative treatment approach in select patients who are non-surgical candidates. In this case, initial submucosal dissection allows for the lesion to be more pliable and hence more amenable to be completely pulled into the FTRD cap which allowed for complete endoscopic resection of a T2 adenocarcinoma.

Figure 1. A) A 30 mm polypoid lesion with overlying ulceration is seen at the hepatic flexure (Paris classification 0-Is, NICE Type III). B) An initial circumferential incision around the lesion is made for ESD. C) Lesion invasion into the muscularis propria is visualized during submucosal dissection. D) Final view of the resection site showing appropriate position of the clip.

Figure 1. A) A 30 mm polypoid lesion with overlying ulceration is seen at the hepatic flexure (Paris classification 0-Is, NICE Type III). B) An initial circumferential incision around the lesion is made for ESD. C) Lesion invasion into the muscularis propria is visualized during submucosal dissection. D) Final view of the resection site showing appropriate position of the clip.

Figure 2. Final pathology of the lesion shows T2 invasive adenocarcinoma with negative (R0) resection margins

Figure 2. Final pathology of the lesion shows T2 invasive adenocarcinoma with negative (R0) resection margins

Introduction
Comorbidities and hostile surgical fields make esophago-bronchial fistula surgery difficult. Mismatch between the distal stent flare and gastric conduit diameter limit fully covered metal stent (FCMS) use in esophago-gastro-bronchial fistulas. We successfully managed a case of esophago-gastro-mediastino-bronchial fistula in a patient with a history of esophagectomy by combining a FCMS, percutaneous endoscopic thoracotomy and a retrograde PEJ-G tube. This management approach changed the disease course from requiring hospice to being back in the community.

Case Presentation
A 69-year-old man with history of esophageal cancer post-Ivor Lewis esophagectomy and chemoradiation, right lung partial pneumonectomy due to post-operative anastomotic leak who developed recurrent aspiration pneumonias and pulmonary edema requiring ICU admissions. These recurrent pneumonias and pulmonary edema over the prior 4 years were secondary to frequent collection of secretions in the persistent post-pneumonectomy cavity at the post-surgical site. He was given the option to go to hospice versus novel endoscopic intervention. He opted for the latter.

Endoscopy revealed a disrupted esophagogastric anastomosis around 15mm, and an esophago-gastro-mediastino-bronchial fistula in the upper third of the esophagus (Figure 1). Endoscopic management involved placing a percutaneous endoscopic thoracotomy tube, double lumen percutaneous endoscopic jejuno-gastric tube with a locking loop drain and FCMS across the defect (Figure 2). Endoscopic suturing approximated esophagogastric anastomosis.

A follow up endoscopy with gastrografin swallow was performed with observation under fluoroscopy (video). The retrograde drain suctioned contrast without spillage into the thoracic cavity. The patient was taught to aspirate from both tubes after drinking thin liquids for comfort.

The patient continues to do well clinically and is seen every three months for tube exchanges for the last 4 years. He has not had any pulmonary infections since the intervention. He manages mucus plugs or secretions in the lungs by connecting the thoracic tube to low intermittent suction, which improves oxygenation. He eats comfort foods by mouth and suctions them out. He maintains his weight through jejunostomy site feeding.

Conclusion
A patient with a complex refractory esophago-gastro-mediastino-bronchial fistula after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy was treated with stenting, endoscopic thoractotomy and a double lumen PEJ-G tube with locking loop drain. This allowed for feeding via the first lumen of the PEJ tube and suctioning via the retrograde jejunogastric tube to prevent aspiration. Percutaneous thoracotomy tube with PEG bumper was used as a backup to suction any remaining contents that could have reached the post pneumonectomy space.

Figure 1. Demonstration of Communication Through Esophago-Gastric Anastomosis to the Post Pneumonectomy Cavity/ Dead Space

Figure 1. Demonstration of Communication Through Esophago-Gastric Anastomosis to the Post Pneumonectomy Cavity/ Dead Space

Figure 2. (a) Thoracotomy with PEG tube to drain cavity. (b) Retrograde double lumen percutaneous endoscopic jejunogastric tube inserted retrograde into esophagogastric anastomotic site. (c,d) Contrast injected into fully covered metal stent with locking loop drain to suction out any orally consumed material with suction off (c), and suction on (d).

Figure 2. (a) Thoracotomy with PEG tube to drain cavity. (b) Retrograde double lumen percutaneous endoscopic jejunogastric tube inserted retrograde into esophagogastric anastomotic site. (c,d) Contrast injected into fully covered metal stent with locking loop drain to suction out any orally consumed material with suction off (c), and suction on (d).

Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a well-known complication after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Many patients nonetheless undergo an evaluation to exclude alternate etiologies. We report a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding that was effectively managed with a unique modification of an established endoscopic technique.

Case: A 65-year-old female s/p RYGB was referred for refractory IDA requiring multiple hospital admissions and blood transfusions. Capsule endoscopy revealed heme at 3 hours 30 minutes and a small bowel transit time of 5 hours 45 minutes. Anterograde double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) was performed, revealing a proximal ileal lobular lesion > 5 cm in diameter (1/2 of luminal circumference and involving several folds), with “strawberry-like” mucosa and active oozing (Figure 1). Argon coagulation (APC) was applied to bleeding foci and the lesion margin tattooed. Biopsies were consistent with a hemorrhagic lymphangioma. Cross-sectional imaging confirmed no finding that would mandate surgical intervention, prior to discussion of endoscopic management as a treatment strategy. The decision was then made to proceed with band ligation and auto-amputation as primary therapy for the bleeding lymphangioma. We first determined that the cap from the Speedband Super 7 System (M00542250, BOSTON SCIENTIFIC) was compatible with the enteroscope diameter (EN-580T, FUJIFILM). The 110 cm bander wire was then detached and the “hub end” was attached to the opposite end on a second bander system using a through-the-loop pull method (Figure 2A). The cap was mounted as per usual to the elongated wire, providing the required 200 cm channel length and allowing for the deployment of multiple bands over the expansile lesion. Subsequent DBE enabled five bands to be successfully deployed, capturing as much of the lymphangioma as possible (Figure 2B). No complications were observed. Surveillance DBE noted complete eradication of the lesion, with small scars and scattered insignificant lymphangiectasia along the periphery (Figure 2C). The patient’s anemia, blood transfusion requirements and iron infusion dependency resolved.

Discussion: Small bowel lymphangiomas are rare benign lesions associated with hemorrhage, intussusception, and enteropathy. Endoscopic therapies including mucosal resection for lesions < 2 cm, focal APC, and sclerotherapy have been anecdotally described. This case is unique in that it demonstrates auto-amputation via band ligation can be both safe and effective in treatment of larger hemorrhagic lymphangiomas. In addition, compatibility of standard multi-band devices with the double balloon enteroscope was demonstrated, which may profoundly impact the management of other small bowel lesions.

FIGURE 1. Large hemorrhagic lymphangioma in proximal ileum on double balloon enteroscopy.

FIGURE 1. Large hemorrhagic lymphangioma in proximal ileum on double balloon enteroscopy.

FIGURE 2A. Bander compatibility with the FUJI double balloon enteroscope. 2B. Band ligation of the lymphangioma. 2C. Follow up exam with eradication of the hemorrhagic lesion.

FIGURE 2A. Bander compatibility with the FUJI double balloon enteroscope. 2B. Band ligation of the lymphangioma. 2C. Follow up exam with eradication of the hemorrhagic lesion.

Management of RDFBIs is often quite challenging. It provides a sense of power and control to the patient, attracting attention and care; this potentially triggers repetitive similar behaviors.

A 35-year-old female with multiple prior admissions for recurrent deliberate foreign body ingestions (RDFBI), borderline personality disorder (BPD), post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), presented with epigastric pain and nausea after ingesting multiple foreign bodies (FB). She has previously undergone innumerable endoscopies and laparotomies for removal of FB. Abdominal radiograph demonstrated FB in the stomach, presumed to be batteries and butter knife. Following endoscopic retrieval, she was admitted for psychiatric evaluation. While in-patient, she ingested batteries from television remote and nasal bridge holders of facemasks despite constant watch, requiring repeat endoscopies. She desired inpatient psychiatric care but multiple psychiatric facilities have declined to provide inpatient therapy; there is concern that this rejection might have contributed to self-injurious behavior. Queries and concerns were raised regarding ongoing urgent endoscopic interventions given that it seemed to offer little utility in ameliorating the underlying psychiatric problem. It was questioned whether repeated admissions and endoscopy could be potentiating her behavior, as it enabled the patient to get the attention she desired. A multidisciplinary team meeting involving Internists, Gastroenterologists, Emergency Room Physicians, Psychiatry, Ethics and Care Management was held. With the goal of ensuring that the needs of patient come first and providing care in empathetic and safe manner, while minimizing the burdens and risks of emergent endoscopies and prolonged hospitalization, an interdisciplinary care protocol was devised. This protocol delineates clear care pathway for when patients with RDFBIs present to our facility and are in need of either emergent or urgent endoscopy, in the presence or absence of suicidal ideation. Should the patient need admission, additional guidance on extra safety measures and stringent environmental risk assessment strategies are incorporated in the protocol. Since the inception of this protocol, frequency of out-of-hours endoscopies and urgent endoscopies for ingestion of FBs while remaining inpatient, have reduced. Although dedicated psychiatric inpatient rehabilitation is a crucial component to disrupt such self-injurious behavior, it unfortunately remains an unmet need in our healthcare system.

As much as physicians should respect patient autonomy and not deny care, it is crucial to recognize self-destructive behavioral patterns, and take measures to break that cycle by adopting a more comprehensive approach focusing on the underlying psychiatric condition, incorporating and maximizing counseling and behavioral therapies.

Abdominal radiograph and upper endoscopy demonstrating ingested metal blade in the stomach

Abdominal radiograph and upper endoscopy demonstrating ingested metal blade in the stomach

Abdominal radiograph and endoscopic images demonstrating ingested batteries and nasal bridge holder of face masks

Abdominal radiograph and endoscopic images demonstrating ingested batteries and nasal bridge holder of face masks

Timothy Ingall

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