Thomas Fredrick

BACKGROUND: Immune activation by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has shown promise in the treatment of diverse cancer types at the cost of different immune-related adverse events (irAEs)…

Bronchobiliary fistulas (BBFs) are abnormal connections between the bronchial system and the biliary tree. These fistulas, though rare, pose significant clinical challenges. BBFs can be caused by various factors including liver infections, congenital conditions, abscesses, malignancy, and trauma…