Society: AGA

Background: Physiologic cholestasis is prevalent in preterm infants, occurring in ~15% of preterm births. Cholestasis causes poor neonatal growth and may progress to liver failure and death. Underlying causes of most cases are unknown. The potent choleretic ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is used to treat cholestasis; however, its effects in preterm neonates are unclear. Microbial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzymes are among the numerous factors that mediate communication between the liver and the gut microbiome. BSH enzymes perform the first step in transforming primary bile salts into secondary bile salts through the deconjugation of glycine or taurine. In turn, bile salts shape gut microbiota composition and function. We sought to determine how the liver-gut-microbiome axis develops over time in preterm neonates, and whether cholestasis alters this development. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study collecting 124 stool samples longitudinally from 24 preterm infants (mean 27.2 ± 1.8 weeks gestation), half of whom developed physiologic cholestasis. Samples were analyzed by whole metagenomic sequencing, quantitative mass spectrometry, and an in vitro BSH enzyme activity assay optimized for low microbial biomass stool samples. Results: Principal coordinate analysis revealed that gut microbiota from control preterm neonates develops over time in a predictable manner (Figure 1, P<0.0001). In control preterm neonates, acquisition of the secondary bile acid biosynthesis pathway is the most distinctive metagenomic feature of preterm microbiome development (P<0.00001). Control neonates also have increasing abundance over time of BSH genes carried by Clostridium perfringens (P<0.0001). Cholestasis interrupts this developmental pattern (P<0.05). BSH enzymatic activity is reduced in cholestatic neonates compared to controls (Figure 2, P<0.01), resulting in decreased unconjugated bile salts (46% vs 98%). Total fecal bile salt excretion was reduced in cholestasis (P<0.0001) and restored completely by enteral UDCA. However, samples from cholestatic neonates treated with UDCA had 522-fold higher quantities of fecal UDCA compared to untreated cholestatic neonates (P<0.0001), consistent with enteral UDCA being poorly absorbed in the neonatal small bowel. The majority of bile salts in early development are atypical 6-hydroxylated cholanoic acid isomers; the proportion of these isomers is reduced in cholestatic neonates (29.6% vs. 66.9%). Finally, we identified novel associations between metabolites within the BSH pathway, bile salt isomers, and neonatal growth. Conclusion: Acquisition of C. perfringens, the BSH gene, and the ability to produce secondary bile acids are key developmental features in preterm neonates that are absent in cholestasis. Metabolites within the BSH pathway warrant further study as biomarkers that may predict preterm infant growth.

<b>Figure 1</b>: Cholestasis disrupts gut microbiome maturation.

Figure 1: Cholestasis disrupts gut microbiome maturation.

<b>Figure 2</b>: Bile salt hydrolase activity is reduced in cholestatic neonates.

Figure 2: Bile salt hydrolase activity is reduced in cholestatic neonates.

Background: Adult patients with biliary acute pancreatitis (BAP) and/or choledocholithiasis who do not undergo cholecystectomy on index admission have worse outcomes, however, there is a paucity of data on the role of cholecystectomy during index hospitalization in the pediatric population. Our aim was to determine outcomes and readmission rates among pediatric patients with BAP and/or choledocholithiasis who underwent index cholecystectomy versus those who did not.

Methods: We performed a retrospective study of pediatric (<18 years old) admitted with BAP without infection or necrosis (ICD-10 K85.10) or choledocholithiasis (K80.3x-K80.7x) using the 2018 National Readmission Database (NRD). Exclusion criteria included age ≥18 years, necrotizing pancreatitis with or without infected necrosis, and death on index admission. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with 30-day readmissions.

Results: We identified 1,122 unique index acute biliary pancreatitis (n=377, 33.6%) and choledocholithiasis (n=745, 66.4%) admissions. Mean age was 13 +/- 4.2 years. The majority of patients were female (n=792, 70.6%). Index cholecystectomy was performed in 663 (59.1%) cases and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) was performed in 363 (32.4%) cases. The thirty-day readmission rate for the entire cohort was 10.9% in patients who underwent index cholecystectomy and 48.8% in those who did not (p<0.001). Among patients with BAP, the 30-day readmission rate was 5.4% in patients who underwent index cholecystectomy and 20.7% in those who did not (p<0.001). Among patients with choledocholithiasis, the 30-day readmission rate was 14.4% in patients who underwent index cholecystectomy and 58.3% in those who did not (p<0.001). On multivariable analysis, patients who underwent index cholecystectomy or ERCP had lower odds of 30-day readmission than those who did not (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.11-0.22, p<0.001) and (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.18-0.40, p<0.001), respectively. Additionally, for every 1-year increase in age, the odds of readmission decreased by 6% (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.91-0.98, p=0.001).

Conclusions: Index cholecystectomy was performed in only 59% of pediatric patients admitted with BAP or choledocholithiasis, but was associated with a staggering 84% decreased odds of readmission within 30 days. This is the largest study to date demonstrating the clinical benefit of index cholecystectomy in pediatric patients admitted with BAP or choledocholithiasis. Current guidelines should be updated to reflect these findings, and further work is needed to help translate these findings into clinical practice given the superior outcomes of index cholecystectomy.

Patrick Avila

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