Society: SSAT

Background
An incisional hernia (IH) is one of the most frequent complications after a laparotomy, affecting between 10 -20% of patients. This incidence increases substantially in patients with comorbidities such as obesity, smoking, diabetes, immunosuppression and certain conditions such as diverticulitis or abdominal aortic aneurysm. The molecular basis for this variability is poorly understood but is now being addressed by many investigators. In this study, we looked at the role of molecular proteins called cytokines in the improper wound healing that leads to IH. We examined the cytokines present within muscle tissues of IH. We hypothesize that increased proinflammatory cytokines and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines lead to impaired wound healing and the development of IH. Understanding the molecular microenvironment of muscle tissue in IH is important because these cytokines serve as potential therapeutic targets for improving the body’s repair response to ultimately decrease susceptibility to IH.

Experimental Design
Samples of muscle, adipose, and fascia were collected during IH repair. Muscle tissue was separated, processed, transversely sectioned onto glass slides, and stained using immunofluorescent tagged antibodies that bind leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α, and IL-6. The immunofluorescent findings were compared with the results of RTPCR quantification of the specific genes studied within the same tissues. The stained sections were scanned and analyzed using ImageJ software to quantify the expression of each cytokine in the samples compared to controls. Control muscle tissue was obtained from brain dead organ donors without prior abdominal surgery.

Results
Results of our immunofluorescence analysis demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6 were expressed in higher quantities while anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin was expressed in lower quantity in IH tissue compared to control tissue. The results of RTPCR analysis also showed significantly increased gene expression of leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6. However, adiponectin was significantly increased in patients compared to controls which was not consistent with our immunofluorescence analysis. This discrepancy may be due to a regulatory mechanism that affects the translation of mRNA (RTPCR) to protein (immunofluorescence) in a predominantly proinflammatory environment.

Conclusion
We found a significantly increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6 in muscles tissue and decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin from IH patients when compared to controls. This supports the notion that an imbalance of cytokines with a predominance of proinflammatory cytokines impairs the wound healing process and may be a treatable target to prevent postoperative IH.

Background:

Inter-hospital transfers mark a critical decision point in the patient care continuum. Despite evidence that patients transferred between healthcare systems are more complex and experience greater morbidity and mortality, there are no available tools to correctly triage surgical patients based on their disease acuity. We hypothesized that readily available, low complexity patient parameters at the time of transfer could predict mortality after transfer.

Methods:

All patients transferred into general and colorectal surgery services at a quaternary care hospital between January-2016 and August-2022 were included. Demographics, laboratory values, vital signs, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and vasopressor use were extracted from the medical record. Variables were chosen for easy availability, decreased variability, and feasible collection by trained non-physician transfer center personnel with nursing input from the transferring center. The primary outcome was admission-related mortality, defined as death during the admission or within 30 days post-discharge. Univariate differences were tested between the outcome groups. Logistic regression, penalized regression, gradient boosting regression, and deep neural network predictive models were trained on the training dataset and their performance was compared on the validation dataset.

Results:

A total of 4,664 adult transfers were included. Admission-related mortalities were 280 (6.0%): 142 (50.7%) occurred during the admission and 138 (49.3%) occurred in the 30-days after discharge. On univariate analysis, differences in all components of complete blood count, basic metabolic panel, and vital signs were statistically different between the two outcome groups. In addition, compared to survivors, patients who suffered mortality were more likely to be transferred from or into an ICU [153 (54.6%) vs. 758 (17.3%), P<0.001] and more likely to require vasopressor support [87 (31.1%) vs. 202 (4.6%), P<0.001]. While all variables were tested, only 12 commonly collected variables were included in the final model based on the penalized regression method. The model coefficients are numerated in Table 1. When validated, the final model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 0.846, 0.79, 0.72, and 0.72, respectively. After bias-correction, the Hosmer-Lemeshow C-statistic for the model was 8.22, P=0.412 indicating strong prediction and calibration.

Conclusion:

In an inter-hospital transfer setting, it is possible to predict the risk of mortality for general surgical patients based on readily available clinical parameters. Utilizing such a risk score could assist accepting hospitals in triaging patients to prioritize transfer acuity, improve resource allocation, and standardize care.

Table 1. Clinical patient variables predictive of mortality after inter-hospital transfer with corresponding coefficients at minimum Lambda and odds ratios.

Table 1. Clinical patient variables predictive of mortality after inter-hospital transfer with corresponding coefficients at minimum Lambda and odds ratios.

Background: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of ventral hernia (VH) development and recurrence rates after ventral hernia repair (VHR). The metabolic derangements caused by obesity can also lead to many postoperative complications. Therefore, it is a common practice to attempt weight loss before VHR. However, there is still no consensus on optimal preoperative management for obese patients with a ventral hernia. This study aims to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of preoperative weight optimization on VHR outcomes.
Methods: We performed a literature search of PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies comparing obese patients who underwent surgical or non-surgical weight loss interventions before undergoing VHR to obese patients who underwent upfront VHR. Postoperative outcomes were assessed by means of pooled analysis and meta-analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4. Heterogeneity was assessed with I² statistics.
Results: 1,609 studies were screened and 13 were thoroughly reviewed. Five studies comprising 465 patients undergoing hernia repair surgery were included. No differences in hernia recurrence (OR 0.66; 95% CI 0.23-1.89; P=0.44; I²=20%), seroma (OR 0.70; 95% CI 0.25-1.95; P=0.50; I²=5%), hematoma (OR 2.00; 95% CI 0.5-7.94; P=0.45; I²=0%), surgical site infection (OR 1.96; 95% CI 0.52-7.40; P=0.32; I²=0%) and overall complication (OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.37-1.74; P=0.58; I²=40%) rates were noted when comparing patients who underwent a preoperative weight loss intervention (prehabilitation or bariatric surgery) versus those who did not. In the subgroup analysis of patients who underwent bariatric surgery, we found no difference in hernia recurrence (OR 0.64; 95% CI 0.12-3.33; P= 0.59; I²=41%) or overall complications (OR 1.14; 95% CI 0.36-3.64; P=0.82; I²=64%). In the subgroup analysis of patients who lost weight versus patients who did not, there was no significant difference in overall complication rates (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.34-2.21; P=0.76; I²=55%).
Conclusions: We found similar hernia recurrence, seroma, hematoma and surgical site infection rates in patients who underwent preoperative weight optimization. These findings underline the need for prospective studies to define the optimal role of preoperative optimization and weight loss in obese patients undergoing ventral hernia repair.

Background: Total enterectomy (TE) is a rarely performed procedure. Re-establishment of bowel continuity, quality of life, and overall outcomes are important aspects to be considered in patients who might need a TE. We describe our experience with the operative and medical management of patients with "no gut syndrome”, with special interest on the effects of gastrointestinal (GI) reconstruction on the degree of parenteral nutritional (PN) dependency. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1005 adult patients who were referred to our center between January 2013 and October 2022. Results: Twenty-seven patients (2.7%) with a mean age of 41.7 years (range 17 to 66 years) underwent total enterectomy. In two patients the duodenum was also resected as part of original operation. Main indications for small bowel resection were vascular event (n = 11), and trauma (n = 8). Ten patients (38%) had reestablishment of GI gastrointestinal tract continuity after total enterectomy with duodenocolostomy (n = 9) or gastrocolostomy (n=1). Tube decompression (n=11) or ostomy creation (n=6) was used for foregut decompression in the remaining patients. Duodeno- or gastrocolonic anastomosis were at mid transverse colon (n=7), cecum (n=2) and hepatic flexure (n=1). There were no intraoperative or perioperative (< 30 days) deaths. All patients were on home parenteral nutrition (PN) infused over a 10- to 16- hour period. Average PN volume and calories were 2,600 mL/day (range 1,600 to 4,000) and 1,624 Kcal/day (range 1,125 to 2,320), respectively. Patients who underwent duodeno- or gastrocolonic anastomosis received smaller PN volume (33.2 vs 44.4 mL/kg/day). PN dependency index (PN intake/ basal energy expenditure %, mean±STD) was 116±18% in patients with tube decompression and ostomy and 94±20% in patients with colon in continuity (P < 0.05). Patients who underwent autologous reconstruction of their GI tract presented better short- and long- term survival (p <0.05). Seven patients underwent uneventful isolated small bowel and multivisceral transplantation with one- and three- year patient and graft survival of 100% and 85%. Another six patients are being evaluated or are already listed for visceral transplantation. Conclusion: Long-term survival can be achieved after total enterectomy in intestinal failure specialized centers. In addition, reestablishment of GI tract continuity after TE decreases the daily fluid and electrolyte requirements by approximately 25%. The addition of the colon in patients with no gut also results in a reduction in the parenteral energy requirements. This data reinforces the idea of the colon as an energy-salvaging organ even in patients with no gut.

Introduction: Higher perioperative volume during elective abdominal surgery leads to delayed return of bowel function in adults. Given the paucity of evidence in the neonatal population, we sought to evaluate the relationship between perioperative volume and return of bowel function in this population.
Methods: After IRB approval, a retrospective chart review (2016-2021) identified 70 neonates (0-52 weeks) who underwent an elective surgery with a bowel anastomosis. Patients were excluded (n=7) for sepsis at time of surgery, postoperative infection or anastomotic leak, surgery classified as emergent/urgent, need for parenteral nutrition at discharge, or missing data. Data collected included demographics (age, race, gender, weight at surgery), perioperative variables (volume administered (mL/kg) including blood products, type of surgery and anastomosis, narcotic use), and outcomes (time to start and reach goal enteral feeds, length of ICU and hospital stay, days on ventilator and TPN). Return of bowel function was defined as the start of enteral feeds in the neonatal population. Descriptive statistics and linear regression were performed, with p < 0.05 considered significant.
Results: 63 neonatal patients (65% male, 76% white, median age 6wks (IQR 23), median weight 4.04 kg (IQR 3.24) underwent elective surgery including bowel anastomosis (small bowel to small bowel (n=37), colon to colon/rectum (n=15), small bowel to colon/rectum (n=8), or other (n=3)). The median length of operation was 179 minutes (IQR 125). The median volume of intraoperative fluids was 38mL/kg (IQR 29) and a median perioperative (intraop + postop day (POD) 0-2) volume of 180 mL/kg (IQR 105). 61 patients (97%) received intraop narcotics (mean 1.3 +/- 1.3 morphine milliequivalents). Enteral nutrition was resumed at a median of 3 days postop (IQR 4) and goal feeds achieved at a median of 8 days postop (IQR 13). On multivariate analysis, the start of feeds was correlated with intraoperative volume (p<0.001), length of operation (p=0.001), but not weight at time of surgery (p=0.16) or narcotic use (p=0.3). The volume administered during surgery explains nearly 24% of the variation in the start of feeds with a slope of 0.1 (see figure).
Conclusions: The amount of intraoperative volume administered during elective abdominal surgery significantly impacted the start of feeds in neonates. In our series, for each 10 mL/kg of additional volume administered at surgery, the start of feeds was extended by 1 day.

INTRODUCTION: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs after hiatal hernia repair (HHR) with fundoplication in up to 30% of cases. While predictors of hernia recurrence have been an intense research focus, little has been done to determine if patient reported symptoms may predict postoperative GERD development among HHR patients.

METHODS: This is a retrospective single-center review of consecutive patients who underwent HHR with intraoperative impedance planimetry between 2020 and 2022. Patients undergoing concurrent weight loss procedures were excluded. A binary logistic regression with bootstrapping to simulate 1,000 observations was performed with postoperative GERD regressed onto preoperative symptoms, body mass index (BMI), and cruroplasty only HHR.

RESULTS: Overall, 63 patients underwent HHR alone (60.3%) or with fundoplication (6.3% Dor, 22.2% Toupet, 9.5% Nissen, 1.6% Hill). There were 13 (20.6%) redo repairs. The mean BMI was 28.9 ± 3.3. The overall median final DI was 2.0 (IQR 1.35) and there was no difference (p = 0.391) based on postoperative GERD status. All but 1 patient with preoperative GERD had improvement or resolution of their preoperative symptoms. Some degree of postoperative GERD was reported in 20 (31.7%) patients during the median 107 (IQR 197) days of follow-up. Table 1 displays the rate of patient reported preoperative symptoms based on postoperative GERD development.

Regression analysis was performed for all 61 patients with complete data. BMI was the only significant factor (p = 0.018) identified that was predictive of postoperative GERD with an odds ratio of 0.77. While not reaching statistical significance, preoperative reported dysphagia (p = 0.089) along with nausea and vomiting (p = 0.055) produced odds ratios of 4.27 and 4.03, respectively. Other non-significant factors included preoperative GERD (OR -3.88, p = 0.825), shortness of breath (OR -3.24, p = 0.521), and cruroplasty only HHR (OR -0.22, p = 0.139).

CONCLUSION: While BMI remains the greatest predictor of postoperative GERD after repair of a symptomatic hiatal hernia, patients with preoperative nausea and vomiting may require additional studies to elucidate occult pathology and prevent postoperative GERD symptoms. While non-specific, preoperative nausea and vomiting may be related to undiagnosed gastric emptying dysfunction, particularly within this study population where diabetes and reoperations were common. Dysfunctional gastric emptying has previously been linked to GERD symptoms. Dysphagia’s relationship to postoperative GERD is likely a spurious finding due to preoperative surgeon-patient preference for mild GERD over dysphagia. Interestingly, the results of this study demonstrate cruroplasty only HHR and impedance planimetrydistensibilties were not key factors in postoperative GERD development.

Background: Gallstone Ileus is a rare cause of mechanical obstruction, occurring when a biliary-enteric fistula allows entry of a gallstone into the intestinal tract. Surgical management includes enterolithotomy or bowel resection alone for relief of obstruction with delayed cholecystectomy and fistula closure. Recurrence rates of up to 8% after enterolithotomy alone have been reported leading to one stage simultaneous cholecystectomy being described as an option, however controversy remains regarding its safety.

Methods: A retrospective review of the ACS National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was performed from 2006 to 2020. Adults with ICD9/10 postoperative diagnosis code of Gallstone ileus were identified. Only patients who underwent enterolithotomy or enteric resection were included to exclude patients receiving the second operation for staged management of a biliary-enteric fistula. Demographic, clinical, and outcomes data were abstracted. Patients were subgrouped for analysis based on whether they received simultaneous cholecystectomy vs management of obstruction only based on CPT code. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to assess for associations between minor and major complications (major = Clavien Dindo > III).

Results: A total of 607 patients were identified. The majority was female (70.0%) with median age of 73 years [65-83]. Most patient received enterolithotomy (73.6%) vs enteric resection (35.6%), while 38 patients (6.3%) received simultaneous cholecystectomy. There was no significant difference between baseline patient characteristics (age, race, ASA class, preoperative steroid use, preoperative albumin, emergency status) between patients receiving simultaneous cholecystectomy vs management of obstruction alone. Receipt of simultaneous cholecystectomy was associated with increased operative time (145 min vs 62 min, p<0.001) and length of stay (11 [7-16.75] vs 8 [5-11] days, p=0.027). A greater proportion of patients undergoing a cholecystectomy received enteric resection (44.7% vs. 24.9%, p=0.008). For the entire cohort major and minor complication rates were 5.3% and 23.6%, respectively. In multivariable analysis, higher ASA class was associated with increased rate of minor complication (OR = 1.78, p = 0.049). However, neither simultaneous cholecystectomy nor enteric resection were associated with increased risk of any complications.

Conclusion: Gallstone ileus is a rare cause of mechanical bowel obstruction necessitating surgical intervention and is associated with acceptable postoperative morbidity. However, in this contemporary cohort a cholecystectomy was uncommonly preformed and while this did not increase complication rates, it was associated with increased operative time and length of hospital stay.

Table 1. Multivariable Analysis for Major Complication (defined as Clavien Dindo <u>></u> 3)

Table 1. Multivariable Analysis for Major Complication (defined as Clavien Dindo > 3)

Introduction
We and others have shown that preoperative opioid use is associated with increased postoperative opioid use and surgical site infection in patients undergoing ventral hernia repair. The orthopaedic surgery literature cites increased resource utilization with opioid use. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of preoperative opioid use upon resource utilization following open ventral hernia repair.

Methods
A retrospective IRB approved study of ventral hernia repairs from a single tertiary care practice between 2013 and 2020 was performed. Medical records, National Surgery Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database, and Kentucky All Scheduled Prescription Electronic Reporting (KASPER) data were reviewed for patient demographics, comorbidities, dispensed opiate prescriptions, hernia characteristics, and outcomes. Univariate logistic regression analyses were employed to assess the impact of each patient demographic and clinical characteristic. Multivariate logistic regression models were analyzed using significant factors from the univariate analyses. Primary outcomes were resource utilization variables including readmissions, emergency department (ED) visits, and >2 postoperative clinic visits within 45 days of operation.

Results
381 ventral hernia repair patients were identified, of which 101 had preoperative dispensed opioids. Patient sex, obesity status, dyspnea, and COPD history were predictive of one or more outcomes (Table). As expected, surgical site infection (SSI) was associated with increased rates of readmission (14.3, P<0.001), ED visits (5.82, P<0.001), and >2 clinic visits (5.96, P<0.001). Preoperative opioid use was associated with increased readmissions (1.93, P<0.05) and ED visits (2.19, P<0.05), particularly ED visits for pain (3.31, P<0.05), and remained so after multivariable adjustment.

Conclusion
Preoperative opioid use is a risk factor for post-discharge ED visits and readmission. An understanding of drivers of increased utilization of resources is essential in developing strategies to improve healthcare value. Future research will focus upon strategies to reduce utilization of resources among patients who use opioids.

Introduction:
Segmental resections of the duodenum are uncommonly performed and are technically challenging due to intimate relationships with the biliary tree, pancreas, and the super mesenteric vessels. Operations can involve proximal resections involving the first (D1) and proximal second portion of the duodenum (D2) or resections distal to the ampulla of Vater including D2, the 3^rd and/or 4^th portion (D3/D4). The objective of this study was to assess indications, operative strategy, pathology, and outcomes of duodenal resections (DR). Due to the complexity involved, we suggest this form of resection deserves its own unique Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and Relative Value Unit (RVU) structure.
Methods:
Patients undergoing duodenal resection from 2008-2021 at University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) affiliated hospitals were retrospectively reviewed. Factors examined included clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation, operative time and technique, pathologic outcomes, and 90-day morbidity and mortality.
Results:
Of the 30 patients identified the majority involved distal D2, D3, and/or D4 (n =22). 17 were female and common presenting symptoms included abdominal pain, nausea, and hematochezia. Diagnostic studies utilized included computed tomography and upper endoscopy with 9 requiring push enteroscopy. Reconstruction following resection most often involved a side-to-side duodenojejunostomy to the C-loop of the duodenum opposite the ampulla. Intraoperative evaluation (IOE) and instrumentation of the biliary tree was utilized to assess and protect the biliary tree and/or ampulla of Vater in relation to the area of resection in eleven patients. Median operative time was 209 minutes increasing to 237 minutes when IOE was necessary. Procedure related morbidity was 20%, including 1 Grade B pancreatic fistula, 1 duodenal fistula, and 4 intra-abdominal abscesses with 1 mortality. Median postoperative length of stay was 9.5 days. Pathology included benign adenoma (n=4), adenocarcinoma (n = 14), GIST (n = 5), neuroendocrine neoplasms (n = 6), and an erosive metastatic deposit (n=1). An R0 resection was obtained in all but 1 with malignancy. Median number of lymph nodes retrieved in adenocarcinoma was 7.2.
Conclusions:
Duodenal resections can be utilized to safely address varying pathologies but are uniquely more complex, associated with longer operative times, extended hospital stay, and greater postoperative morbidity compared with more distal small bowel resections. We suggest modification to current CPT coding to accurately identify these distinct procedures for future research endeavors. This would allow development of a RVU valuation that more accurately captures a meaningful value for the work effort involved.

Devanshi Patel

Appearances