Akinari Sawada

Dysphagia and chest pain are the common symptoms in achalasia. The mechanisms underlying such symptoms are not completely understood. The two symptoms can be triggered by mechanical stimulation via the sensory vagal and spinal afferent nerve fibers…

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Some adjuvants have been added to improve the quality of bowel preparation (BP) for colonoscopy and to reduce the total amount of BP solution required. However, the appropriate type of adjuvant remains unknown…